As the field's premiere source, this reference is extensively revised and expanded to collect hard-to-find applications, equations, derivations, and examples illustrating the latest developments in ceramic processing technology. This book is concerned primarily with the processing of polycrystalline ceramics and focuses on the widespread fabrication of ceramics by the firing of consolidated powders forms. A brief treatment of sol-gel processing is also included.
Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Second Edition provides clear and intensive discussions on colloidal and sol-gel processing, sintering of ceramics, and kinetic processes in materials. From powder synthesis and consolidation to sintering and densification behavior, this latest edition emphasizes the impact of each processing procedure on ceramic properties. The second edition also contains new and extended discussions on colloid stability, polymer growth and gelation, additives in ceramic forming, diffusion and defect strucutre, normal and abnormal grain growth, microwave sintering, Rayleigh instability effects, and Ostwald ripening.
Illustrating the interconnectedness between the various steps in the overall fabrication route, Ceramic Processing and Sintering, Second Edition approaches the fundamental issues of each process and show how they are applied to the practical fabrication of ceramics.
CERAMIC FABRICATION PROCESSES: AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW
Introduction
Ceramic Fabrication Processes
Production of Polycrystalline Ceramics from Powders: An Overview
A Case Study in Processing: The Fabrication of TiO 2 from Powders
SYNTHESIS OF POWDERS
Introduction
Desirable Powder Characteristics
Powder Synthesis Methods
Powder Preparation by Mechanical Methods
Powder Synthesis by Chemical Methods
POWDER CHARACTERIZATION
Introduction
Physical Characterization
Chemical Composition
Crystal Structure and Phase Composition
Surface Characterization
SCIENCE OF COLLOIDAL PROCESSING
Introduction
Types of Colloids
Attractive Surface Forces
Stabilization of Colloidal Suspensions
Electrostatic Stabilization
Steric Stabilization
Electrosteric Stabilization
Structure of Consolidated Colloids
Rheology of Colloidal Suspensions
SOL-GEL PROCESSING
Introduction
Types of Gels
Sol-Gel Processing of Aqueous Silicates
Metal Alkoxides
Sol-Gel Processing of Silicon Alkoxides
Sol-Gel Preparation Techniques
Applications of Sol-Gel Processing
POWDER CONSOLIDATION AND FORMING OF CERAMICS
Introduction
Packing of Particles
Additives and Ceramic Forming
Forming of Ceramics
Drying of Granular Ceramics
Binder Removal
Green Microstructures and Their Characterization
SINTERING OF CERAMICS: FUNDAMENTALS
Introduction
Driving Force for Sintering
Defects in Crystalline Solids
Diffusion in Crystalline Solids
Chemical Potential
Diffusional Flux Equations
Vapor Pressure Over a Curved Surface
Diffusion in Ionic Crystals: Ambipolar Diffusion
THEORY OF SOLID-STATE AND VISCOUS SINTERING
Introduction
Mechanisms of Sintering
Effects of Grain Boundaries
Theoretical Analysis of Sintering
Scaling Laws
Analytical Models
Numerical Simulation of Sintering
Phenomenological Sintering Equations
Sintering Diagrams
Sintering with an Externally Applied Pressure
The Stress Intensification Factor
The Sintering Stress
Measurement of the Sintering Stress and Stress
Intensification Factor
Alternative Derivation of the Sintering Equations
GRAIN GROWTH AND MICROSTRUCTURE CONTROL
Introduction
General Features of Grain Growth
Ostwald Ripening: The LSW Theory
Topological and Interfacial Tension Requirements
Normal Grain Growth in Dense Solids
Abnormal Grain Growth in Dense Solids
Mechanisms Controlling the Boundary Mobility
Grain Growth and Pore Evaluation in Porous Solids
Simultaneous Densification and Grain Growth
Fabrication Principles for Ceramics with Controlled
Microstructure
LIQUID-PHASE SINTERING
Introduction
Elementary Features of Liquid-Phase Sintering
Stages of Liquid-Phase Sintering
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Factors
Grain Boundary Films
The Basic Mechanisms of Liquid-Phase Sintering
Hot Pressing with a Liquid Phase
Use of Phase Diagrams in Liquid-Phase Sintering
Activated Sintering
Vitrification
SPECIAL TOPICS IN SINTERING
Introduction
Rayleigh Instability and Microstructural Evolution
Inhomogeneities and Their Effects on Sintering
Constrained Sintering I: Rigid Inclusions
Constrained Sintering II: Adherent Thin Films and Multilayers
Thin Films: Grain Growth and Dimensional Stability
Solid Solution Additives and the Sintering of Ceramics
Sintering with Chemical Reaction: Reaction Sintering
Viscous Sintering with Crystallization
DENSIFICATION PROCESS VARIABLES AND DENSIFICATION PRACTICE
Introduction
Conventional Sintering
Microwave Sintering
Pressure Sintering
Appendix A: Physical Constants
Appendix B: SI Units-Names and Symbols
Appendix C: Conversion of Units and Decimal Fractions and Multiples
Appendix D: Ionic Crystal Radii (in units of 10-10 m)
Appendix E: Density and Melting Point of Some Elements, Ceramics, and Minerals
Appendix F: Aperture Size of U.S. Standard Wire Mesh Sieves (ASTM E 11:87)
Index
*All chapter contain Concluding Remarks, Problems, and References